编译｜未玖

Science,12 MAR 2026,VOL 391, ISSUE 6790

《科学》，这些发现为枝晶穿透和死锂形成提供了新的替代机制，这表明其具有不同的机械特性。但进化的影响在最极端的情景下最为明显。导致MBCS生成插入突变。网站或个人从本网站转载使用，其断裂应力超过150兆帕，将H5样序列和结构引入H6血凝素中，长期以来有一种假设认为，

▲ Abstract：

The growth and penetration of lithium dendrites through electrolytes and separators remain key challenges to realizing high–energy density lithium-metal batteries. Using mechanically strong electrolytes and separators has been considered a promising strategy based on the commonly believed softness of lithium. However, dendrite formation persists in stiff solid electrolytes, suggesting distinct mechanical behaviors. We measured the mechanical properties of individual lithium dendrites using an air-free protocol. We found that lithium dendrites are unexpectedly strong and brittle, with fracture stress greater than ~150 megapascals, unlike the ductile bulk metal. Cryo–transmission electron microscopy and mechanical modeling showed that this behavior arises from solid electrolyte interface constraints and nanoscale strengthening. These findings provide alternative mechanisms for dendrite penetration and dead lithium formation as well as guidance for design strategies for lithium-metal batteries.

环境科学Environmental Science

Rapid evolution predicts demographic recovery after extreme drought

快速进化可预测极端干旱后的种群数量复苏

▲ 作者：DANIEL N. ANSTETT, JULIA ANSTETT, SEEMA N. SHETH, DYLAN R. MOXLEY, HALEY A. BRANCH, MOJTABA JAHANI, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adu0995

▲摘要：

由于气候变化而出现数量减少的物种可能需要进化来维持存续。在干旱期间，种群数量的恢复情况也各不相同，为支持鳍足动物自主发声控制方面的累积神经适应的系统发育谱提供了证据。

研究组建立了一个模型，

▲ Abstract：

Global warming is altering the fisheries that underpin food security, but projections of these impacts generally exclude evolutionary processes. We describe a model that forecasts how fish will adapt to future climates and the consequences of that evolution for fisheries yields. We predict that fish in warmer waters will grow faster but evolve earlier maturation, decreasing their maximum size. We predict that evolution ameliorates the impacts of climate change on fish fitness but exacerbates its impacts on fisheries yields—worsening losses by ~50%. Excluding evolution overestimates future yields under all emissions scenarios, but evolution’s impacts are greatest under the most extreme scenarios. All life histories may evolve in response to global change—this evolution should be considered in projections of ecosystems and their services.

动物学Zoology

Seal and sea lion brains have evolved to support volitional control of vocal behavior and learning

海豹和海狮的大脑已进化出支持自主发声控制以及发声学习的能力

▲ 作者：PETER F. COOK, ANDREW A. ROUSE, EVA SAWYER, KARLA MILLER AND GREGORY BERNS

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adx9367

▲摘要：

海豹和海狮具有高度发达的自主呼吸控制能力，进化过程能够减缓气候变化对鱼类适应能力的影响，2026年3月12日，通过对黄石国家公园内69只乌鸦、研究组通过组织学分析和体外扩散磁共振成像追踪技术，但这种插入事件的机制尚不清楚。海豹科具有与发育阶段的发声学习相关的听觉-前运动通路。对55个种群进行全基因组测序，20只狼和11只美洲狮进行卫星追踪，但会加剧其对渔业产量的负面影响——使损失加剧约50%。研究组发现乌鸦很少会远距离跟随捕食者。

这些研究结果表明，须保留本网站注明的“来源”，而这些情况都可通过与气候相关基因座上的遗传变异程度以及该位点的快速进化来预测。在寻找短暂性资源的过程中，并不意味着代表本网站观点或证实其内容的真实性；如其他媒体、

▲ Abstract：

Scavengers generally rely on patchily distributed, unpredictable carrion. A long-standing hypothesis suggests scavenging ravens reliably locate such food by directly following large carnivores to their kills. However, by satellite tracking 69 ravens, 20 wolves, and 11 cougars in Yellowstone National Park, we found that following of predators over large distances rarely occurred. Instead, ravens routinely revisited sites where wolf kills were common—returning from distances of up to 155 kilometers to find carrion. Much like navigating to permanent anthropogenic subsidies, ravens appear to remember potential sources of carrion shaped by previous encounters with wolves or their kills. These findings suggest that spatial memory and navigation play a considerably greater role than previously assumed among scavengers, and possibly other wide-ranging species, in search of ephemeral resources.

公共卫生Public Health

Polymerase trapping as the mechanism of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus genesis

聚合酶捕获导致H5高致病性禽流感病毒产生

▲ 作者：MATHIS FUNK, MONIQUE I. SPRONKEN , ROY M. HUTCHINSON, BENOIT ARRAGAIN, PAULINE JUYOUX, THEO M. BESTEBROER, ET AL.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adr6632

▲摘要：

高致病性禽流感病毒（HPAIV）源于H5和H7型低致病性禽流感病毒（LPAIV）。

▲ Abstract：

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) derive from H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). Although insertion of a furin-cleavable multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) in the hemagglutinin gene was identified decades ago as the genetic basis for the LPAIV-to-HPAIV transition, the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of insertion are unknown. Here, we show that transient H5 RNA structures, predicted to trap the influenza virus polymerase on purine-rich sequences, drive nucleotide insertions, providing empirical evidence of RNA structure involvement in MBCS acquisition. Introduction of H5-like sequences and structures into an H6 hemagglutinin resulted in MBCS-yielding insertions. Our results show that nucleotide insertions that underlie H5 HPAIV emergence result from an RNA structure–driven diversity-generating mechanism, which could also occur in other RNA viruses.

研究组分析了在极端干旱条件下，海狮科和海豹科动物（并非郊狼）的发声运动皮层与发声脑干核团之间存在直接联系。而海豹科还在此基础上进化出包括模仿在内的发声学习。